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Georges Ibrahim Abdallah’s statement for Palestinian Prisoners’ Day 2019

Georges Ibrahim Abdallah issued the following statement on the occasion of Palestinian Prisoners’ Day 2019. The imprisoned Arab Communist struggler for Palestine has been jailed in French prisons for 34 years, despite being eligible for release since 1999. The U.S. government has repeatedly intervened in an attempt to prevent his release from prison, while a growing movement in Lebanon, France and internationally demands his liberation.

Translated from the French at Collectif Palestine Vaincra

Dear comrades, dear friends;

The conditions of detention of the Palestinian Resistance strugglers in Zionist jails have been worsening in recent times.

Since the beginning of the year, Gilad Erdan, the Israeli Minister of Internal Security, seeks to impose a “new reality” upon our fellow prisoners with the aim of reversing or simply extinguishing the rights that they have acquired through multople, courageous struggles in past years. Raids, searches and other forms of repression are escalating in the various Israeli prisons. The special units, heavily armed for repression, are engaged in the worst excesses during these various invasions. There were over 120 prisoners wounded in Ketziot in the repression of protests since February, as well as in Ofer, the Negev prison and elsewhere in the other detention centers….

All of this is meant to intimidate and to multiply the difficulties of our comrades as they are unable to break them: confiscation of personal items, isolation, cancellation of family visits, transfers. And many comrades are beaten during each invasion of these repressive units. This is not to mention the “bosta” and all the suffering of our female comrades, especially during transfers…

Following this situation, our comrades announced the launch of a collective hunger strike in Israeli jails. Key leaders of the prisoners’ movement and the national liberation movement as a whole joined the strike, and hundreds planned to join the strike in the coming days. It was expected that the strike would escalate just today, 17 April, in Palestine and internationally, on Palestinian prisoners’ day. However, the Zionist authorities found it useful to back down for the moment in face of the growing movement and its potential, especially in light of the latest developments in the Arab wold, namely the promising movements in Algeria and Sudan. As you see comrades, the revolutionary strugglers, often in particularly difficult circumstances, seek by all means to defeat the policies of destruction they are subjected to in the enemy’s jails. However, the outcome of this confrontation, the outcome of these hard battles, is always a function of the solidarity of the masses and the unwavering commitment of the vanguard in the field of ongoing struggle.

In 1974, the Palestinian National Conference declared 17 April to be Palestinian Prisoners’ Day. This was not only meant to denounce on this occasion the barbarism of the Zionist occupier nor was it only intended to honor the captive resistance by reminding the masses of their sacrifices and their unwavering willingness to stand up against the Zionist military forces. The commemoration of this Palestinian Prisoners’ Day is intended, above all else, to affirm loudly and strongly the determination to tear our comrades from the claws of their criminal jailers. Indeed, on several occasions, the vanguards of the Palestinian revolutionary struggle took on this task with great courage and self-sacrifice, forcing the enemy to release thousands of imprisoned comrades without any concessions on their part.

Today, comrades, here we are gathered again, in different countries of the world, to commemorate Palestinian Prisoners’ Day and especially to express our unwavering solidarity with the resistance in the Zionist jails and our complete confidence in the determination of the Palestinian revolutionary vanguards and their firm resolve to do what is necessary to tear our resisting comrades from the clutches of the Zionist criminal jailers.

May a thousand solidarity initiatives blossom in support of our flowers and cubs imprisoned in the Zionist prisons!

May a thousand solidarity initiatives blossom in favor of the strugglers of the right of return initiatives!

Solidarity, all solidarity with the resistance in Zionist jails and isolation cells in Morocco, Turkey, the Philippines and everywhere around the world!

Solidarity, all solidarity with the resisting revolutionary comrades in the jails in Greece!

May a thousand solidarity initiatives blossom in support of the Algerian, Sudanese and Yemeni masses!

Solidarity, all solidarity, with the young proletarians of the working-class neighborhoods!

Capitalism is nothing but barbarism. Honor to all those who oppose it in the diversity of their expressions!

Together, comrades, and only together, we will win!

To all of you, comrades and friends, my warmest revolutionary greetings.

Your comrade, Georges Abdallah.

Successful rally for Palestinian prisoners in Toulouse

The following report is translated from the original French at Collectif Palestine Vaincra

Photo: Collectif Palestine Vaincra

On Palestinian Prisoners’ Day, 17 April, La Temps du Palestine Toulouse organized a unified rally in the city center of Toulouse, France, in which Collectif Palestine Vaincra played a major role in organizing and building. Collectif Palestine Vaincra is an anti-imperialist organization involved in the struggle for Palestine and a member of the Samidoun Palestinian Prisoner Solidarity Network.

Photo: Collectif Palestine Vaincra

Over 100 people visited the booth during the protest, which went on for around two hours. Participants distributed leaflets, painted a banner, chalked on the ground and wrote letters to send to Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails. Around 50 postcards of solidarity were written to be sent to the prisoners. People distributed tea and cakes throughout the afternoon of solidarity. The organizers noted that the event was a great success, inspiring many future actions.

Photo: Collectif Palestine Vaincra

The speaker for Collectif Palestine Vaincra delivered the following speech:

I am speaking today on behalf of the Collectif Palestine Vaincra.

On 8 April, a hunger strike began in the occupation’s jails under the name of the Battle of Dignity 2. It follows last Dignity Strike, in April 2017. The strike was very quickly joined by hundreds of prisoners and ended on Monday, 15 April with an agreement with the occupation forces, recognizing the rights of the for prisoners.

From the beginning, this movement was met by harsh repression of the security forces: intrusion into the prisoners’ cells, beatings, use of tear gas in confined spaces, confiscation of books and prohibition of family visits.

Photo: Collectif Palestine Vaincra

Several Palestinian leaders initiated the hunger strike. The General Secretary of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Ahmad Sa’adat, imprisoned by the occupier, took part in the movement with his comrades. Last Wednesday, he and several Palestinian leaders had their cells invaded in an attempt to weaken the prisoners’ struggle.

Throughout occupied Palestine and around the world, demonstrations of solidarity with the strikers have been organized. As we stand in solidarity with the struggle of the Palestinian people, we must redouble our efforts to express our full solidarity with the Palestinian prisoners in their struggle against the repressive regime of the Israeli state.

Because Palestinian prisoners represent the resistance of an entire people who face the oppression of the Zionist state. This oppression takes many forms: the theft of Palestinian lands and homes, the military occupation of the West Bank aimed at gradually taking all territory to the Palestinians, the creation of an open-air prison in Gaza and the massacres that accompany this daily violence.

Photo: Collectif Palestine Vaincra

The Palestinian prisoners represent the path of struggle against the capitulation of the Oslo Accords in 1993, against the collaboration of the Palestinian Authority with the colonial state and for the only fair and lasting project of justice: a free and democratic Palestine from the river to the sea.

We also recall that Israel has used imprisonment as a strategy to suppress the Palestinian people and their resistance organizations. Since 1967, more than 850,000 people have been imprisoned. Today, almost half of Palestinian men over 18 have already been locked up. Palestinians are judged by Military Courts who convict them in 99.7% of cases. Prisoners are often tortured or badly treated. As of 2018, 210 Palestinians have died in Israeli prisons.

Photo: Collectif Palestine Vaincra

In France, solidarity with Palestinian prisoners has a particular resonance. In the prisons of the French state is one of the 5,400 Palestinian prisoners: Georges Ibrahim Abdallah. Imprisoned since 1984 – despite being eligible for release since 1999 – for his involvement in the Palestinian resistance, France continues to refuse to release this resistance struggler.

Photo: Collectif Palestine Vaincra

On Thursday, 11 April, Georges Abdallah and his Basque co-detainees and other prisoners spent three days on hunger strike in solidarity.

So, we must strengthen our solidarity and build the BDS movement and the fight for the release of Georges Abdallah and all Palestinian prisoners! Let us also support the Palestinian Resistance fighting for the liberation of Palestine, all of Palestine, from the river to the sea! This is the heart of our struggle as Collectif Palestine Vaincra, member of the Samidoun Palestinian Prisoner Solidarity Network.

Freedom for Ahmad Saadat, Georges Abdallah and all Palestinian prisoners!
Palestine will live, Palestine will win! (Palestine vivra, Palestine vaincra!)

Photo: Collectif Palestine Vaincra

Palestinian prisoners reach agreement to achieve demands, end hunger strike

Palestinian prisoners have reached an agreement with the Israeli prison administration to achieve their demands and suspend their hunger strike, the Battle of Dignity 2, on Monday, 15 April. The agreement came as hundreds of Palestinian prisoners were engaged in their eighth day of a collective hunger strike.

According to the leadership of the Palestinian prisoners’ movement, the agreement includes the installation of public telephones in the prison sections, which prisoners would be allowed to use three times a week for 15-minute calls, as well as stopping the installation of cell-phone jamming devices. In addition, the repressive measures and sanctions imposed in the past year upon the prisoners will also be lifted, while fines imposed on prisoners in recent struggles inside the prisons would be reduced. Hundreds more prisoners have been set to join the hunger strike in the coming days, especially 17 April, Palestinian Prisoners’ Day.

The Palestinian Prisoners’ Society said that the agreement also included provisions to transfer the women prisoners from Damon prison to another detention center; the prisoners have repeatedly cited harsh, difficult conditions unsuitable for human life in the Damon prison. In addition, sick prisoners would be returned to the previous section in the Ramleh prison clinic, an area that was considered better than their current location.

The National and Islamic Forces held a press conference in Gaza City to highlight the prisoners’ final statement. “The battle is not over; the hardest phase of this struggle is to implement what has been agreed upon,” the prisoners wrote, noting that previous agreements have been repeatedly broken by the Israeli prison administration.

They saluted the prisoners in section 4 of the Negev desert prison and section 1 in Ramon prison who were attacked by Israeli repressive forces, noting that “their great sacrifices underline that freedom and dignity are…human rights that cannot be denied.” They saluted Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, occupied Palestine ’48 and exile and diaspora, as well as supporters of freedom around the world, journalists and prisoners’ centers, that stood with the prisoners in their struggle. The statement particularly saluted “the people and leadership in Gaza,” noting their unity in commitment to the struggle.

Samidoun Palestinian Prisoner Solidarity Network expresses its strongest salutes and greetings to all of the Palestinian prisoners on this occasion of victory. These achievements follow on many historical accomplishments of the Palestinian prisoners’ movement, on the front lines of the Palestinian liberation struggle, extracting their victories through great sacrifice, with their bodies and lives on the line. As Palestinian Prisoners Day approaches, we emphasize our continuing dedication to work for the freedom of all Palestinian prisoners and the freedom of Palestine from the river to the sea.

Mohammed Tabanja, Hussam al-Ruzza, Khaled Farraj

In addition, we urge people around the world to continue their solidarity activities to support the Palestinian prisoners, throughout the coming days, months and years, until their freedom is achieved. In particular, we emphasize the cases of three Palestinian prisoners who remain on hunger strike: Hussam al-Ruzza (61), Mohammed Tabanja (40) and Khaled Farraj (31). Al-Ruzza has been on hunger strike since 19 March – nearly one month – while Tabanja and Farraj have been on hunger strike since 25 March. All are held without charge or trial under administrative detention orders, and their detention has been repeatedly and arbitrarily renewed.

They are among nearly 500 Palestinians out of approximately 5,500 Palestinian prisoners jailed with no charges and no trial for indefinitely renewable periods under administrative detention. The end of administrative detention is a long-time demand of the Palestinian prisoners’ movement and supporters of justice and liberation around the world. Join the call to free Hussam al-Ruzza, Mohammed Tabanja, Khaled Farraj and all Palestinian prisoners!

19 April, Berlin: Rally to support Palestinian prisoners

Friday, 19 April
3:00 pm
Hermannplatz
Berlin, Germany

The alliance of Palestinian and Arab organizations in Berlin is calling for a solidarity sit-in on Palestinian Prisoners’ Day and to show solidarity with the Palestinian prisoners on hunger strike in the Battle of Dignity 2.

17 April, Paris: Rally for the liberation of Georges Ibrahim Abdallah

Wednesday, 17 April
6:00 pm
Metro Chateau Rouge
Place du Chateau-Rouge
Paris, France
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/events/2143138409111104/

On Monday, 8 April 2019, hundreds of Palestinian prisoners went on hunger strike, from all political organizations. There are now more than 400. This strike comes in response to the many repressions that these prisoners have suffered under the Zionist prison administration. Among their demands are improving the conditions of detention, stopping isolation, receiving medical care and the right to family visits.

On 11 April 2019, Georges Abdallah began a three-day hunger strike in support of the Palestinian prisoners’ resistance, with around 20 of his fellow detainees including 12 Basque comrades.

On Wednesday, 17 April, Palestinian Prisoners’ Day, we call for a rally at 6 pm at Metro Chateau-Rouge, in Paris 18th, to demand the release of our comrade Georges Abdallah and express our support and unconditional solidarity with Palestinian prisoners in struggle.

Depuis lundi 08 avril 2019, des centaines de prisonniers Palestiniens, de toutes les organisations de la résistance, sont entrés en grève de la faim et à l’heure d’aujourd’hui, ils sont désormais plus de 400. Cette grève vient en réponse aux nombreuses répressions que ces prisonniers subissent de la part de l’administration pénitentiaire sioniste. Parmi les revendications, sont réclamés l’amélioration des conditions de détention, l’arrêt des mises en isolement, les descentes de contrôle à tout heure dans leur cellule, le droit au soin et de visite.

Le 11 avril 2019, Georges Abdallah a entamé une grève de la faim de trois jours en soutien à cette résistance des prisonniers Palestiniens, avec une vingtaine de ses codétenus dont une douzaine de camarades basques.

Mercredi 17 avril 2019, journée des prisonniers Palestiniens, nous appelons à un rassemblement, à partir de 18h00, au métro Château-Rouge, à Paris 18ème, pour exiger la libération de notre camarade Georges Abdallah et pour exprimer notre soutien et notre solidarité inconditionnelle avec les prisonniers Palestiniens en lutte.

16 April, Aarhus: Palestinian Prisoners Day

Tuesday, 16 April
5:00 pm
Inge Lehmanns Gade
8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/events/341314533156974/

HUNDREDS OF PALESTINIAN CHILDREN BEHIND ISRAELI BARS

Hundreds of Palestinian children and young people down to the age of 12 are detained each month in Israeli detention centers and prosecuted by military courts.

Palestinian children are subjected to violence, mental torture, and other hard-hitting treatment in Israeli custody. 99% all the trials end up with a prison sentence.

At any given moment, there are about 270 Palestinian teens in Israeli prisons. The most widespread reason for their arrest – throwing stones – does not tell the full story. Conversations with many of the youths, as well as with lawyers and human rights activists, including those from the B’Tselem human-rights organization, reveal a certain pattern, even as they leave many questions open: For example, why does the occupation require that arrests be violent and why is it necessary to threaten young people.

Action Aid Denmarks podcast Udposten, has an episode talking with Gerard Horton and Salwa Duaibis (Lawyers and founders of Military Court Watch). And they have been monitoring this area as well as offering legal support to the minors and their relatives.
https://soundcloud.com/user-302064665/palaestinensiske-born-bag-israelske-tremmer

HUNDREDVIS AF PALÆSTINENSISKE BØRN BAG ISRAELSKE TREMMER

Hundredvis af palæstinensiske børn og unge helt ned til 12-års alderen bliver hver måned tilbageholdt i israelske arresthuse og retsforfulgt ved militære domstole.

Palæstinensiske børn bliver udsat for vold, psykisk tortur og anden hårdhændet behandling i israelsk varetægt. 99% alle retssagerne ender med en fængselsdom.

På et hvert givet tidspunkt er der omkring 270 palæstinensiske teenagere i israelske fængsler. Den mest udbredte årsag til deres anholdelse –at de har kastet sten – fortæller ikke hele historien. Samtaler med mange af de unge, såvel som advokater og menneskerettighedsaktivister, herunder dem fra B’Tselems menneskerettighedsorganisation, afslører et vist mønster, selvom de forlader mange spørgsmål åbne: Hvorfor kræver besættelsesmagten f.eks. at anholdelserne er voldelige, og hvorfor er det nødvendigt at true de unge?

Mellemfolkeligt Samvirkes podcast Udposten har i følgende afsnit talt med Gerard Horton og Salwa Duaibis, jurister og stiftere af menneskerettighedsorganisationen Military Court Watch, som overvåger netop dette område og bl.a. yder juridisk bistand til de mindreårige og deres pårørende.
https://soundcloud.com/user-302064665/palaestinensiske-born-bag-israelske-tremmer

Hunger strike solidarity: Leila Khaled meets with Leyla Güven after 159 days of strike

Photo: ANF English

Palestinian leftist leader and resistance icon Leila Khaled visited Leyla Güven, 55, the Kurdish parliamentarian and political leader who has maintained a hunger strike for 159 days to demand an end to the isolation of imprisoned Kurdish leader Abdullah Öcalan. She visited Güven at her home in Amed/Diyarbakir on Monday, 15 April.

Güven, who was elected as an HDP (People’s Democratic Party) representative in the 24 June 2018 Turkish elections, began her hunger strike inside Turkish prisons. There are over 7,000 Kurdish political prisoners as well as thousands of Turkish political prisoners, including political activists, journalists, lawyers, and trade unionists. Most recently, 18 Turkish lawyers were sentenced to 160 years in jail collectively for their work defending political activists. Among these political prisoners is Ayse Duzkan, co-founder of BDS Turkey and longtime feminist activist and journalist who has continued to express her solidarity with Palestinian political prisoners after being jailed for serving as honorary editor for a day of a banned Kurdish newspaper.

Güven herself was accused of “terror activities” and arrested on 22 January 2018 after she objected to Turkey’s military occupation and invasion of northwestern Syria, including its attacks on the YPG there. Prosecutors demanded a 31-year sentence for Güven, accusing her of “making propaganda for terrorists”; similar allegations have been used in other cases against political activists in Turkey, leading to draconian sentences for public political work, journalism or legal defense activities.

The hunger strike began on 7 November 2018 inside the detention center, and Güven continued after her release in January 2019, after she became critically ill. A number of Kurdish political prisoners inside Turkish prisons have also joined the hunger strike against Öcalan’s isolation, while international Kurdish activists have also launched solidarity strikes in their own cities. In particular, Güven demanded that Öcalan be allowed to receive family and legal visits.

The visit came as hundreds of Palestinian prisoners are themselves on hunger strike inside Israeli occupation prisons in what they have named the Battle of Dignity 2. The strike comes in response to intensified repression inside the prisons. The demands of the strikers include access to family visits and phone calls with family members, appropriate medical care and treatment, an end to collective punishment and improved conditions for women and children prisoners.

Leila Khaled’s visit with Leyla Güven underlines the international nature of these struggles of political prisoners, confronting Zionism, imperialism, capitalism and reactionary regimes. The prisoners are on the front lines fighting injustice and repression and forging connections of struggle, reminiscent of the solidarity between Palestinian prisoners and Irish hunger strikers in the 1980s.

Earlier, Khaled sent the following letter to Leyla Güven as she continued her strike within Turkish prisons:

My dear friend Leyla Güven. Leyla in the dungeons of the persecutors, thousands of warm greetings to you.

The dungeon could not block your voice that came to us to mobilize the world’s people to fulfill the demand for the release of political prisoners, especially the great revolutionary Abdullah Öcalan.

In Turkish and Israeli prisons revolutionaries are going on hunger strike for freedom, justice, and to stop the ruling system wanting to break the voice of the people who want democracy.

On behalf of myself and in the name of Palestinian women I say that I will use my voice against all attacks against the revolutionaries.

My dear friend Leyla,

We say that the persecution of the dungeons will not continue. Your patience and your struggle will beat hunger.

The harder the hunger strike, the more honorable the struggle. The people and all the freedom lovers in the world will respond to your actions.

I kiss you on the forehead, I hold your hand.

You’re a model for all the women in the world. With the hope of freedom…

Your friend in struggle

Leila Khaled

15 April, NYC: Protesting Tax Dollars for War

Monday, 15 April
12:00 pm
290 Broadway
New York City
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/events/2350470898539532/

Demonstration in front of the Internal Revenue Service building (at Duane St.) in lower Manhattan to protest tax dollars being spent on U.S. wars and the military, and support those who openly refuse payment for these wars but, instead, reroute their tax dollars from the IRS to groups desperately in need of funding.

MONDAY, APRIL 15
noon to 1 pm – RAIN OR SHINE
290 Broadway (at Duane St.)
2 blocks north of City Hall.

Sponsors: NYC War Resisters League, NYC Catholic Worker, Kairos Community, Peace Action NYS, Brooklyn For Peace, Veterans for Peace/Chapter 34, CodePink NYC, Raging Grannies, Pax Christi Metro New York, Granny Peace Brigade, Peace Action Bay Ridge, Bronx Peace Action, Samidoun: Palestinian Prisoner Solidarity Network, NYC Democratic Socialists of America Anti-War Working Group, World Can’t Wait (list in formation)

20 April, Koblenz: Day of the Palestinian Prisoners

Saturday, 20 April
3:00 pm
Am Löhrrondell 1a
Koblenz, Germany

Solidarity with the striking Palestinian prisoners!

On April 17, every year, the Palestinian people commemorate the imprisoned Palestinians in Israeli jails. For this reason, we will organize a solidarity rally in Koblenz.

The Palestinians demand that Israel release 6,500 political prisoners. Many prisoners are subject to so-called administrative detention. This means that they have no charges against them, and they do not know how long they will be jailed for no reason and with no trial. We also want to stand with the 150 Palestinians who have entered a hunger strike since 9 April 2019. Their demands are basic, such as contact with their families. Please support us and take part in our demonstration.

17. April: Tag der palästinensichen Gefangenen

Solidarität mit dem Streikenden Palästinenensischen Gefangenen.

Am 17. April jedes Jahres gedenkt das palästinensische Volk weltweit den gefangenen Palästinenser/innen im israelischen Gefängnissen .

Aus diesem Grund möchten wir eine Solidaritätskundgebung in Koblenz veranstalten.

Die Palästinenser fordern Israel die Freilassung von 6500 politischen Gefangenen. Viele Gefangene unterliegen der sogenannten Administrativhaft: Das heißt, sie wissen nicht, weshalb sie festgenommen worden sind , noch wie lange sie im Gefängnis ohne Grund und ohne Anklageschrift sitzen müssen. Wir möchten uns auch solidrisch mit den 150 Palästineneser/innen die im Hungerstrike seit dem 9.4.2019 eingetreten sind.
Sie fordern elementare Forderungen,wie Kontakt mit Ihren Familien.
Bitte unterstützt uns und nimmt teil an unsere Kundkebung
am Samstag den 20.4.2019, von 15 – 17 Uhr f auf dem Vorplatz zur Herz-Jesu-Kirche, Am Löhrrondell 1a,
56068 Koblenz

Palästinensische Gemeinde in Koblenz und Umgebung
http://www. Palaestina-Koblenz.de/

17 April, Athens: The Battle of Dignity Continues to Victory

Wednesday, 17 April
5:00 pm
Jafra Foundation in Greece
Kallidromiou 49
Athens, Greece
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/events/1183496871810994/

On Palestinian Prisoners’ Day and in support for the Battle of Dignity 2, in which the prisoners’ movement is engaged inside Israeli occupation prisons, Samidoun Palestinian Prisoner Solidarity Network and the Jafra Foundation Youth call on all to participate in an open meeting on the prisoners’ movement and its central role in leading the Palestinian liberation movement toward return and liberation.

And to respond together with our role in the Palestinian diaspora and our duty toward the prisoners’ movement in Zionist prisons and to discuss how we can participate in the struggle alongside our people in occupied Palestine in a practical way, in order to restore our role in the liberation project and emphasize our commitment and national duty to our just cause.

في يوم الأسير الفلسطيني ودعماً واسناداً لمعركة الكرامة 2 التي تخوضها الحركة الوطنية الاسيرة في سجون الاحتلال تدعوكم شبكة صامدون للدفاع عن الاسرى الفلسطينيين بالتعاون مع مؤسسة جفرا للتنمبة الشبابية للمشاركة في اللقاء المفتوح حول الحركة الاسيرة ودورها المركزي في قيادة المشروع التحرري الفلسطيني نحو العودة والتحرير. وللاجابة معاً على دورنا نحن فلسطيني الشتات و واجبنا اتجاه الحركة الاسيرة في سجون العدو الصهيوني والبحث في مشاركة هموم واعباء النضال مع شعبنا في فلسطين المحتلة بشكل عملي ومباشر ومن اجل استعادة دورنا ومشروعنا التحريري التزامنا بقضيتنا العادلة من باب الواجب الوطني وتحمل المسؤولية والمشاركة.